The kinglist of Saqqara lists Djoser, Djoserteti, Nebkarê, and Huni. The Abydos king list gives Nebka, Djoser, Teti, Sedjes, and Neferkarê, while the Turin Canon offers Nebka, Djoser, Djoserteti, Hudjefa, and Huni. Unfortunately, these lists offer no clear consensus about the number or names of the kings of the 3rd dynasty. Scholars face several problems in attempting to connect Khaba to royal names known from the Ramesside era (the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties). Khaba's Gold name is the first to show the infinitive form of the royal Gold name. Thomas Schneider and Jürgen von Beckerath, in contrast, see Khaba's Golden Horus as Netjer-nub, which means "golden falcon". Peter Kaplony interprets it as Nub-iret or Nub iret-djedef, though he is unsure whether the syllable djedef was an inherent part of the name or an additional honorary title. Khaba's Golden Horus name can be found on several seal impressions, although its correct reading and translation are disputed. From Snefru onward, the Golden Horus name became a fixed royal title to any ruling king, no matter how long the king ruled. Aside from Khaba, the only kings with Gold names who lived before king Sneferu, founder of the 4th dynasty, were Djer, Den, Nynetjer, Khasekhemwy, and Djoser. Additionally, Khaba is one of the very few kings from Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom times with an archaeologically proven Gold name, a likely predecessor to the Golden Horus name, which Khaba may also have introduced. His Nisut-Bity title and his Nebty name are unknown. Khaba is known by his serekh and Golden Horus name only. The inscription alternates between Horus and Golden Horus names. Only one seal bears a well-preserved complete row of names or titles the seal, numbered UC-11755, is undated and is now on display in the Petrie Museum, London. These seal impressions bear more inscriptions than the stone bowls, however most of the seals are only preserved as small fragments and their surfaces have been roughened over the years. Most of the mud seals were excavated at modern-day Elephantine it is possible that more of them lie under the garden of the current museum of Elephantine. His name also appears on several mud seal impressions found at Quesna (in the Delta), Zawyet el'Aryan, Hierakonpolis, and Elephantine. As was conventional at the time they were made, they contain no additional inscriptions for context. The bowls were found mostly intact they show only the king's serekh name on their polished surfaces. Khaba's name appears on nine polished stone bowls, variously made of magnesite, travertine, and diorite, which were found at the archaeological locales of Zawyet el'Aryan, Abusir, and Naga-ed-Deir. Others believe instead that his tomb is a large mastaba close to the Layer Pyramid, where numerous stone vessels bearing Khaba's serekh have been found. Many Egyptologists and archaeologists propose that an unfinished Layer Pyramid at Zawyet el'Aryan belongs to him. It is also a matter of debate as to where Khaba might have been buried. These problems originate in part from contradictory king lists, which were all compiled long after Khaba's death, especially during the Ramesside era (which is separated from the Third Dynasty by 1,400 years). Because of the contradictions within Ramesside king lists and the lack of contemporary, festive inscriptions, his exact chronological position within the dynasty remains disputed. Khaba's reign is securely dated to the Third Dynasty. His name is archaeologically well-attested by stone bowls and mud seal impressions. King Khaba is considered to be difficult to assess as a figure of ancient Egypt. The exact time during which Khaba ruled is unknown but may have been around 2670 BC, and almost definitely towards the end of the dynasty. Khaba (also read as Hor-Khaba) was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, active during the 3rd Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period.
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